Fundamentals – The History of the Bible – Lesson 6

1. Canonization is the process that the early church used to discover the inspired documents.

1) Inspired documents are inherently authoritative.

a. They belong in the canon because they are authoritative.

b. They are not authoritative because they belong in the canon (on account of their being canonized).

2) There are also several questions that were answered to determine canonicity.

a. Was the writer of the document an apostle or inspired teacher? (Romans 1:1)

b. Was the document written in the appropriate time frame?

c. Early Christians verified inspired documents through the gift of prophecy (1 Corinthians 14:37)

d. Did the early Christians receive it as scripture to be read in front of the church? (Colossians 4:16)

e. Did it contain such fanciful language that it was not credible (The Lost Books of the Bible).

f. Was it distinguished from inspired documents as just being hortatory? (Shepherd of Hermas, i.e. A good book, but not inspired.)

2. Canonization for the Old Testament.

1) Around the 3rd century B.C. a group of scholars got together and translated the Hebrew text of the Old Testament into Greek.

2) This translation is known as the Septuagint. So by the 3rd century B.C. the Old Testament was complete in the 39 books.

3) Scholars who lived in the 1st century also attest to this. One of those scholars was a man named Philo.

3. Canonization for the New Testament.

1) All of the books in the New Testament were being circulated by the end of the first century.

a. This is testified by the “Apostolic Fathers.”

b. These were men who wrote about the Bible in the 2nd and 3rd centuries and they quote from these books as authoritative.

c. This is also testified by very early fragments of these books. (Show P52).

2) By 367 A.D. the canon of scriptures was fixed. Before that time, there were few who doubted some of the books, but the majority of scholars and Christians held all 27 books to be inspired documents as attested by historical evidence (some of which we no longer have).

1. The original autographs of the Bible are not available to us.

1) Perhaps they were used so much that they merely wore out.

2) Perhaps they were destroyed for fear of people worshipping them.

3) Whatever the case may be, we must depend upon copies of the Bible to have what we have today in Bible.

2. Old Testament Copies

1) Copies of the Old Testament dating older than the 10th century A.D. are very rare.

2) This is because those who copied the text believed that old worn out texts should be destroyed in fear of using God’s name in vain.

3) We do, however, have a fairly recent discovery of some of the Old Testament texts.

4) These are called the Dead Sea scrolls and they date to about 100 B.C.

5) The Dead Sea scrolls help us understand that the scribes who copied the Old Testament text were VERY faithful to the original text.

a. Some of the book of Daniel is written in Aramaic instead of Hebrew.

b. There is a specific place in the text where this change occurs and then where it changes back to Hebrew.

c. The Dead Sea scrolls contained a copy of the book of Daniel. The change from Hebrew to Aramaic and then back to Hebrew occurs exactly where it does in our transmission of the text as well.

d. Hebrew scribes had VERY strict rules for copying the scriptures and if it was not done correctly, then the copy was destroyed.

6) Based upon this information, we can be sure that we have a faithful copy of the Old Testament text.

3. New Testament Copies

1) The New Testament is a little different from the Old Testament.

2) Those who copied the New Testament were not as careful as the Hebrew scribes and they made mistakes in their copies.

3) However, we have SO MUCH MORE evidence for the New Testament. There are over 5000 extant sources for the New Testament.

4) Some of these are mere fragments, but many are complete books.

5) The oldest fragment dates to the beginning of the second century (P52).

6) The oldest New Testaments date to the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D (Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, and Alexandrinus).

7) There is so much evidence that scholars who study this can know what was in the original text and what were mistakes in the original text.

8) Out of all of the New Testament 7/8th is not disputed.

9) Out of the other 1/8th, most of these are changes in letters or word forms that do not change the meaning of the original text.

10) There are a few passages, however, that are in the King James Version for which we have limited evidence. However, it is clear that these passages are, nonetheless, authoritative because the evidence we have dates very far back.

11) Even well known atheists and agnostics admit that the text is genuine (Anthony Flew).

1. Jesus and the Apostles approved of using translation of scripture as authoritative.

1) Many of the quotations that we in the New Testament of the Old Testament are from the Septuagint.

2) The Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Hebrew/Aramaic Old Testament.

2. The Original Languages

1) The books of the Old Testament were originally written in Hebrew and Aramaic.

2) The books of the New Testament were originally written in Greek (there is some Aramaic).

a. Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachtahni

b. Maranatha

c. Ephathah

3) In order to understand the Bible, someone must know these languages and translate it for us.

4) We are fortunate that the New Testament was written in Greek because Greek is a precise language.

5) New Testament Greek is also a dead language. This means that the language is to a certain extent fixed and doesn’t change.

6) Ancient Hebrew also is a dead language.

3. The English Language

1) The English language today is a “living” language.

a. It is being used by people every day.

b. The language is changing and growing.

c. We have new vocabulary added each year.

d. We use different words in different ways each year.

2) Sometimes the meanings of words change.

a. Gay today does not mean what it meant 50 years ago.

b. Some language in the New Testament is no longer acceptable in public use today (Hebrews 12:8 KJV).

c. It is necessary to make modifications and additions to translations to reflect the new usage of words in the English language.

d. However, it is not necessarily appropriate to change words just because they CAN be changed.

e. Some of the vocabulary that is found in the Bible is ONLY found in the Bible and we need to keep that vocabulary alive. Such words as: righteousness, justified, propitiation, sin, saint, sanctified, and holy are words which we must let stand regardless of their usage.

4. The English Version of the Bible

1) In 1525, William Tyndale first started translating from the Greek and Hebrew the English Bible.

2) In 1611, King James authorized a translation of the Bible into the English language. This was largely a revision of William Tyndales work.

3) In 1885 the first major revision of the KJV was finished in America and called the ERV.

4) In 1901 the ASV was born as an American version of the ERV.

5) From that point on, we have had many revisions and versions.

5. Method of Translation

1) The way a translator approaches the text is critically important. Because the result is what you and I will hold in our lap and refer to as authoritative.

2) Before we talk about translation methods, we need to say a word about Bible inspiration.

a. Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 2:10-13 regarding inspiration.

b. He said that the Spirit reveals the mind of God through words (vs. 13).

c. In essence, God is telling us that words are the primary vehicle through which he communicates his message.

d. If we are going to be faithful to God regarding inspiration, we should respect each word in the Bible.

e. I.E. The word is the basic unit of meaning.

3) There are two known methods of translation today.

a. Functional Literal

a) The method of translation involves translating the Greek text word for word into the English language.

b) It assumes that the word is the basic unit of meaning.

c) The translators translate so as to reflect accuracy to grammar and meaning of words.

d) Sometimes there are idioms that are translated idiomatically (Romans 6:1).

e) Most of the time, the translation is word for word.

f) Examples of this kind of translation are: KJV, ASV (1901), RSV and NKJV.

b. Dynamic Equivalence (Functional Equivalence)

a) In the 50’s a gentleman named Eugene Nida came up with a new method of translation.

b) Nida said that translators should focus upon the sentence as the basic unit of meaning, instead of the word.

c) To do this involves three three steps.

a. You must read the original language.

b. You must translate the original language word for word.

c. You must then translate the resulting sentence into a “meaningful” English sentence.

d) This last step is where many disagree with this translation method today.

e) In essence this step puts the translators interpretation of what he thinks the basic translation means into the text.

f) Examples of this kind of translation method are: NIV, ERV, TNIV.